DEMOCRATIC MEASURES ON RESTRICTION OF ACTIVITY THK
Parish in 1981 to power in France leftist government has paved the way to limit power of monopolies in the economic and political life of French society on the basis of a democratic socio-economic reforms. In speeches leaders of FAK was intended to redistribute national income in favor of workers, elimination of the most striking manifestations of wealth inequality in the country. Explaining the reasons for ongoing nationalization F. Mitterrand said that he felt “a necessary and fair” to deprive the monopoly “of economic and hence political power.” If large industrial groups are not nationalize, they, like the French president, quickly internatsionaliziruyutsya and the country is embroiled in an international division of labor, which “is far beyond its borders and, in fact, alien to their interests.”
In support of its economic strategy of the Socialists otvodili big role problem winning the domestic market, development of domestic industries on the basis of accelerating scientific and technological progress, the economy in a democratic framework. Opening the content of the long-term industrial policy FAK, Minister of Industry Dreifuss said in 1981 that the development of French industry should be determined by the needs of the nation, rather than the interests of transnational monopolies industrial recovery should be implemented on a national basis, while protecting French industry from foreign expansion. The need to control not only over the activities of foreign monopolies, but also over the movement of French overseas investment.
THE FOREIGN CAPITAL IN ECONOMY OF FRANCE
The internationalization of economic life of capitalist countries is happening on the basis of two interrelated processes: the export of capital, goods and services in foreign countries, as well as imports of capital, goods and services from other countries. Therefore, the study size, position, the extent of splicing foreign capital to the national capital is important to assess the overall capacity and participation of the country and its monopoly in the process of internationalization of production and capital, as well as to determine their place in world economic relations of modern capitalism.
The degree of penetration of foreign capital into the economy of any state and control of various sectors is an important indicator of the possible opposition to this national capital of monopolies in the domestic and world markets. A large amount of international business monopolies of the country, reducing the capital to the national economy will inevitably lead to fill a “vacuum” of foreign capital, and they win the domestic market. It gradually weakens national monopolies base and reduces the effectiveness of their expansion into foreign markets.
In the postwar period until 1958, the inflow of foreign capital in France has been slow because of political and financial instability of the country. The massive influx of foreign capital (especially in the form of direct investment) is for 60 years. This contributed to the strengthening of monopolistic bourgeoisie after education. Fifth Republic, the acceleration of industrial growth, strengthening monetary and financial situation of the country and the French franc, as well as the establishment and operation of the EEC. An important catalytic role played by the ruling and the favorable attitude of public-sector monopoly to foreign investment from all countries, including the U.S..
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NEW STRATEGY OF GEOGRAPHICAL EXPANSION
In assessing the impact of the French monopoly in the area vacated States should take into account first of all direct investment and its share in comparison with those of major competitors. In the 60 years of France took the 3rd place on the value of direct investment in developing countries - after the United States and Britain, while 70 - 80 years moved to 5 th place. This was due to the fact that increased the average inflows of direct investment in developing countries of Germany and Japan (see table. 8).
The French official statistics are not on the total value of investment in developing countries, and publishes only material on the annual volume of new investment and reinvestment without regard to financial transactions in the oil sector. Therefore, the UN data on the movement of the French capital in developing countries, based on the aggregation of national statistics of France, the annual flow of new investments are low. Given the amount of reinvestment (for 20 - 25% profit) and the dynamics of the assets in the oil sector, the total value of French direct investment in the liberated countries of about 10-11 billion dollars about the same assessment is contained in the materials previously mentioned Colloquium Problems of French investments in the developing world.
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FEATURES OF INVESTMENT POLICY FRENCH THK
The emergence of many French international monopolies historically linked to the colonial policy, with broad-exploitation of natural and labor resources of colonies and dependent countries. The struggle of French imperialism in the late XIX - early XX century in the overseas territories, especially where existing sources of raw materials, led to the formation of a number of typical colonial-commodity (industry and trade) monopoly, which is closely tied to raw materials colony and metropolitan markets.
Most colonial-commodity monopolies operating in the mining industry. Among them - “Le Nickel, Penyarroyya, Mokta” etc. The production process at the colonial-commodity monopolies first generation consisted initially of two cycles: raw material extraction and production in the colony from the intermediate product for manufacturing industries in the metropolis. Later in the colonies was established, primary processing of raw materials and finished products produced in France, has become not only come true in the French market but also exported to other countries. The large colonial-commodity monopolies as a result of sectoral and geographical diversification of production began to accrete overseas subsidiaries and significantly expanding all of its international activities, become powerful THK.
Increased exploitation of the colonies and the pursuit of new sources of raw materials led to the formation of colonial-commodity nature of many of the French monopoly oil, chemical, textile, food and other industries, helping to transform them from the national to multinational chains and concerns.
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BUSINESS UNDER THE FLAG OF STATE “HELP”
State aid “as a particular form of neocolonialism policy occupies a special place in the strategy of French MMC in liberated countries. Ensuring THK French foreign economic expansion in the markets of developing countries, the state” aid “in France played a big role than in other imperialist countries, which is predicated a higher degree of development of state-monopoly capitalism. By the close merging with the state and the general economic support to his monopoly of the French seek to compensate their financial weakness in the development of new markets on the periphery of the global capitalist economy. By creating a favorable pre-climate, the state “help” facilitate the entry of industrial companies and banks in the economies of the developing world, while helping to strengthen their competitive positions. In terms of annual flow of the state “pomoshi” France took over the 70-ies of the 2 nd place - after the U.S. - far ahead of other developed capitalist countries. The same pattern seen in 80 years. For example, in 1981, the flow of funds channeled through the state “aid” to developing countries, were distributed between the western states as follows: from France about 4.2 billion dollars - about $ 5 billion, Japan 3.1 billion dollars, Germany 3.1 billion tons, from the UK to $ 2.2 billion on the size of the state “aid” and said the development of such a measure, as its share in the GNP of donor countries, which amounted in 1981 year in France, 0.73% in the U.S. - 0.17 in Japan - 0.28 in Germany - 0,46 and 0,44% - in the UK.
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“SPECIAL” RATE IN NEO-COLONIALISM STRATEGY
In assessing the role of developing countries in creating a common economic strategy of the French SMC should consider the following key points.
First, the liberated states are important suppliers of raw materials, including energy, for the French economy. Because of their limited natural resources, France is forced to import large quantities of Asian, African and Latin American commodities. France Dependence on imported many commodities is very high.
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FORMS AND PENETRATION METHODS ON THE MARKETS OF CONTENDERS
As the international activities of the French THK, forms and methods of their penetration into the economy of other capitalist countries are determined by several factors, from the following: 1) the level of development of economic relations and the exigencies of competition between French and THK monopolies country application of capital, and 2) the extent concentration and monopolization of the economy as a whole and in each individual country’s investment industry, as well as the balance of power between French THK and the national (local) companies, and 3) the balance of power between French THK monopolies and other imperialist states in the country for investment. Ultimately, the forms and methods abroad THK - are the forms and methods of struggle for the economic division of the world into spheres of influence, which, as indicated VILenin determined by capital, by force “of its participants.
Stages penetration monopolies to foreign markets, in fact, represent the passage by the successive phases (stages) of development in the way of its transformation from national to international. For the French monopoly is characterized by the gradual penetration of markets in other countries, which consists of four stages:
- The commercial penetration and a foreign trade office;
- Financial penetration and the establishment of a foreign financial network;
and industrial investment;
-establish mezhfirmennoy cooperation. Commercial penetration, usually preceded by
productive investment. It is particularly true for countries with a high degree of monopolization of the domestic market: USA, Germany, Japan, Great Britain. The French business has long feared a direct industrial investment in the U.S. market due to stiff competition and therefore opted for a commercial, trade penetration. Exports of goods allows the foreign firm to determine the reaction of the market of the country for its products, to familiarize themselves with the activities of foreign competitors, as well as gain of the local market.
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MOTIVES, SCALES AND THE BASIC DIRECTIONS OF ACTIVITY
Before the 60-ies, Australia and Japan in particular non-traditional fields of application of capital and markets for products of French monopolies. In Japan in the early 60’s practically absent French direct investment. With regard to Australia, then at that time the French capital invested here in the British mining companies, banks and financial companies.
The overall revision of the foreign economic strategy of the French capital and the impact on the countries to which the 70 - 80 years has given increasing importance. A common cause of strengthening the expansion of the French monopoly in Japan and Australia is the desire of these companies are more closely integrated into the web of international capital and the capitalist division of labor in order to capture the greatest possible part of the world market. But for each of these countries should be given and specific reasons.
Review policies of the countries of Western Europe in general and France in particular in relation to the Japanese market, as rightly pointed Soviet researcher Yu.I. Yudanov associated with the active invasion of the Japanese monopoly in Western ekonomiku12. In particular, the French business community concerned about the rapid growth of his country’s deficit in bilateral trade with Japan, which increased from 0.5 billion francs in 1979 to 12.6 billion francs in 1983. Japan strongly restricts the import of French goods. The level of coverage of imports from Japan, French exports in 1983 amounted to only 39.5%. He described the accident French seal the Franco-Japanese trade relations “a one-way street.”
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ALLIANCE OF INDUSTRIAL COMPANIES AND BANKS IN SPHERE OF THE INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS
The operation of the leading industrial companies is closely intertwined with those of banking monopolies. Leninskie conclusions about the new role of banks in the era of imperialism, turned into vsesilnyh monopolists and concretion on the basis of financial contribution and personal union with industrial monopolies, confirmed the full laws of financial capital in the context of modern capitalism. Excessive development of the banking capital in France makes the specifics of production and institutional linkages with the banking industry. Many major banks have turned to the organizational and financial think-tanks and financial groups, to focus their portfolios controlling stakes in most large companies and conducting operations to finance the activities of these firms within the country and particularly in the international arena.
High levels of overseas operations have long been a French bank. However, if in the early centuries of their activities on the loan capital markets, as mentioned earlier, was related primarily to the deployment of foreign government loans, but now banks are put on the full development of foreign business that derives from the overall economic strategy of the French MMC to speeding up the export of goods and capital, winning the French THK stronger position in foreign markets. Banks play an important role in implementing this policy.
ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE AND CONTROL SYSTEM
The process of escalation of national and transnational monopoly, the level of “international” firms in each stage of its development, especially the economic mechanism, control systems and management principles most clearly evident in its organizational structure. “Organizational structure - underscore the prominent French progressive economists M. Delaper and M .- A. Misha LAYE - are the foundation of a single economic mechanism, uniting under the auspices of parent company’s financial holdings and a group of branches 6.
In the first stage of making a national monopoly in its international foreign affiliates retain broad autonomy. Between the parent company and established overseas branches are supported primarily financial ties. In the second stage, set up special offices to coordinate the activities of branches abroad. The emergence of such offices has led to increasing centralization of control and integrated management within the company. In the third phase are the overall structure and the international system of control and management of the company, which is based on an increased degree of internationalization of production. The formation of the organizational structure of THK at this stage runs in three ways: 1) the creation of regional directorates (or staff) on a geographical basis, 2) the creation of regional directorates (or headquarters) on the production principle, and 3) the creation of mixed directorates or departments. The system of organization and management in the French monopolies is great variety, which is related to the characteristics of a phased escalation of the international association. If the organizational structure of smaller firms is a characteristic of foreign affiliates and international offices that maintain relatively broad autonomy, a leading THK peculiar formation of a global integrated structure oriented to a greater extent than on local or regional, while the world capitalist market.